sir william johnson, 1st baronet

He was so successful with establishing a good relationshi… Johnson learned the Mohawk language and Iroquois … Scope and Content The archive extends over six decades, from 1803 to 1869. After Britain assumed control, Johnson eventually won a political dispute over Indian policy with Lord Jeffery Amherst, who disdained the Iroquois alliance Johnson had so devoted himself to nurturing and defending. In the summer of 1759, he led nearly 1,000 Iroquois warriors—practically the entire military strength of the Six Nations—as part of General John Prideaux's expedition to capture Fort Niagara. He was the son of Sir Thomas Throckmorton and Elizabeth Berkeley.1 He married, firstly, Cicely Baynham, daughter of Thomas Baynham and Mary Winter.1 Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. George Clinton in 1746 made him colonel of the Iroquois Confederacy. Johnson negotiated the details of the boundary defined in the Fort Stanwix Treaty of 1768. [28] Governor Clinton urged the New York Assembly to repay Johnson's outstanding wartime expenses, which amounted to £2,000. Sir William Johnson in 1763, based on a lost portrait by. The Niagara Campaign 1759. [20] In 1758, with the capture of Louisbourg, Fort Frontenac, and Fort Duquesne, the war's momentum began to shift in favour of the British. [83] While there is no record that the couple ever formally married,[84] New York did not require civil marriage licenses or certificates to be filed at that time, and Weisenberg was Johnson's common-law wife. [2] He was the eldest son of Christopher Johnson (1687–1764) of Smithstown, Co. Meath and Anne Warren, daughter of Michael Warren of Warrenstown, Co. Meath and Catherine Aylmer, sister of Admiral Matthew Aylmer, 1st Baron Aylmer. His role in the British victory at the Battle of Lake George in 1755 earned him a baronetcy; his capture of Fort Niagara from the French in 1759 brought him additional renown. Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet (c.1715 – 11 July 1774) was an Anglo-Irish official of the British Empire. [30] When Warren died in July 1752, he left nothing to Johnson in his will. Commissioned a major general, he defeated French forces at Lake George, N.Y. (September 8). Johnson died from a stroke at Johnson Hall on 11 July 1774 during an Indian conference. Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet – Wikipedia . In 1759, Johnson began a common-law relationship with Molly Brant, a Mohawk woman who moved into Johnson Hall and lived with Johnson as his consort for the rest of his life. Corrections? He is a prominent character in the book Manituana by Wu Ming. [68] This grant proved to be controversial because other land speculators had already obtained licenses to purchase lands that the Mohawk released for sale, but Sir William had not. [17] The newly created "Colonel of the Warriors of the Six Nations" was instructed to enlist and equip colonists and Indians for a campaign against the French. Johnson is usually credited with leading or at least planning this ambush,[61] but the historian Francis Jennings argued that Johnson was not present at the battle, and that he exaggerated his role in official dispatches. The Mohawk had suffered heavy casualties in the war, which lessened Johnson's prestige among them for a while. [69] In 1769, after years of manoeuvring and lobbying, Johnson finally gained royal approval for the grant. Serving as the British Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the northern district from 1756 until his death in 1774, Johnson worked to keep American Indians attached to the British interest. [43] Hendrick Theyanoguin, Johnson's Mohawk ally, was killed in the battle, and Baron Dieskau, the French commander, was captured. The couple had eight children together, all of whom received land from Johnson by his will. Sir William Johnson, Indian Superintendent: Colonial Development and Expansionism by Paul Redmond Drew 1996 Early America Review, The Papers of Sir William Johnson edited by AT Volwiler 1926 Organization of American Historians. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. [24], In 1748, Johnson built a new stone house upriver from Mount Johnson, which became known as Fort Johnson. [75][76] In 1771, Johnson built St. John's Episcopal Church in Johnstown, but soon complained that it was "small and very ill built." It is currently the home of the Montgomery County Historical Society, which operates a museum, gift shop, and holds events. As a young man, Johnson moved to the Province of New York to manage an estate purchased by his uncle, Admiral Peter Warren, which was located amidst the Mohawk, one of the Six Nations of the Iroquois League. From Samuel Rudder, A New History of Gloucestershire (1779), p.801: British Superintendent of Indian Affairs, 1755 to 1774. "[24] In his will, Johnson acknowledged children by Catherine Weisenberg and Molly Brant, German and Mohawk, respectively, with whom he had long-term relationships. Within five years, he arranged for a larger church of stone to be constructed to accommodate the growing congregation in Johnstown. While the treaties deprived many Indians of land without their knowledge, they gave favourable terms to the Iroquois, and resulted in decades of comparative peace between traditional Indian residents and new settlers. Johnson also began a long process of trying to control Iroquois diplomacy, attempting "nothing less than the refurbishment of the Iroquois confederacy with himself as to its centre". It was to Johnson that Pontiac finally surrendered after the eventual failure of the rebellion named for him. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sir-William-Johnson-1st-Baronet, Fact Monster - People - Biography of Sir William Johnson, How Stuff Works - History - Biography of Sir William Johnson, United States History - Biography of Sir William Johnson. Stories circulated that Johnson was enraged by Webb's decision not to send help, and that he stripped naked in front of Webb to express his disgust. Indian affairs to Treaty of Fort Stanwix, 1766-1768. Sir William George Johnson, 4th Baronet of New York (19 December 1830 – 26 January 1908) was an English soldier and aristocrat. [8], Peter Warren had purchased a large tract of undeveloped land along the south side of the Mohawk River in the province of New York. [34], Johnson's reinstatement as Indian agent came the following year, just as the French and Indian War, the North American theatre of the Seven Years' War, was escalating. Johnson and his Indian auxiliaries could do little as British forces stormed the French positions in fruitless frontal assaults.[57]. He was the eldest son of Christopher Johnson (1687-1764) of Smithstown, Co. Meath and Anne Warren, daughter of Michael Warren of Warrenstown, Co. Meath and Catherine Aylmer, sister of Admiral Matthew Aylmer, 1st Baron Aylmer. That position gave him standing not only to lead Iroquois into battle on the side of the English, but also to negotiate two treaties of Fort Stanwix, modern day Rome, New York. 1898, General Johnson Saving a Wounded French Officer from the Tomahawk of a North American Indian, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Nomination of Johnson Hall to the National Register of Historic Places", "Open-world mission design learnings from Assassin's Creed III", Sir William Johnson, 1715-1774 - Papers, 1738-1808 (finding aid), References to Sir William Johnson in Haldimand Collection (Papers), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_William_Johnson,_1st_Baronet&oldid=1006283192, Baronets in the Baronetage of Great Britain, British military personnel of the French and Indian War, Converts to Anglicanism from Roman Catholicism, Kingdom of Ireland emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2010, Articles needing additional references from July 2014, All articles needing additional references, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier's Encyclopedia, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, 14. John Johnson was born on November 5, 1741 in the Mohawk Valley, N. Y. Johnson was wounded by a ball that was to remain in his hip or thigh for the rest of his life. [9] Johnson arrived in about 1738 with twelve Irish Protestant families and began to clear the land. [88] About 1750, Johnson had a son named Tagawirunta, also known as William of Canajoharie, by a Mohawk woman, possibly Margaret Brant, Elizabeth's younger sister. The first Baronet was succeeded by his eldest son, also named Sir George Johnston, who was the second Baronet. Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet (c. 1715 – 11 July 1774), was an Irish official of the British Empire.As a young man, Johnson moved to the Province of New York to manage an estate purchased by his uncle, Admiral Peter WarrenProvince of New York to manage an estate purchased by his uncle, Admiral Peter Warren [89] Johnson may have also been intimate with the sisters Susannah and Elizabeth Wormwood, and an Irish woman named Mary McGrath by whom he appeared to have had a daughter named Mary. Courtesy of the New York State Education Department. In 1755, Major General Edward Braddock, sent to North America to direct the British war effort, appointed Johnson as his agent to the Iroquois. This area was known as Warrensburg. Sir William's Affairs 1756-1758. The American Fly Fisher. With the fall of New France to the British, Johnson and his deputy George Croghan spent much time negotiating with the former Indian allies of the French. Montreal, Canada. As a young man, Johnson moved to the Province of New York to manage an estate purchased by his uncle, Admiral Peter Warren, which was located amidst the Mohawk, one of the Six Nations of the Iroquois League. Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet, (born 1715, Smithtown, County Meath, Ire.—died July 11, 1774, near Johnstown, N.Y.), pioneer in the Mohawk Valley, New York, whose service as colonial superintendent of Indian affairs was largely responsible for keeping the Iroquois neutral and even friendly to the British in the latter stages … [74] To counter the influence of French Catholic missionaries in western New York, in 1769 he paid for the construction of an Anglican church for the Mohawk of Canajoharie, a village the British called the "Upper Castle". 2 He was the son of Christopher Johnson and Anne Warren. Johnson trained with his brother-in-law James … He named the new settlement, originally called John's Town, after his son John. died at Johnson Hall in July 1774. Sir Christopher Aylmer, Baron Balrath, This page was last edited on 12 February 2021, at 01:51. Engraved portrait of Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet, an Irish official of the British Empire from County Meath, Kingdom of Ireland, 1750. [29] Repayment was blocked by Clinton's political rivals, a faction led by Lieutenant Governor James De Lancey, who was connected to the Albany Indian commissioners whom Johnson had supplanted. 4, a Freemason lodge, at Johnson Hall, and was installed as its master. Throughout his career as a British official among the Iroquois, Johnson combined personal business with official diplomacy, acquiring tens of thousands of acres of Native land and becoming very wealthy. [72] In 1766, Johnson organised St. Patrick's Lodge, No. He received the honor of knighthood from Charles, II, and was raised to barony in 1662, and became Cann of Crompton Green. Johnson learned the Mohawk language and Iroquois customs, and was appointed the British agent to the Iroquois. Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet (c. 1715 – 11 July 1774), was an Irish official of the British Empire. An exasperated Johnson resigned as New York's Indian commissioner in 1751. [11], Warren intended Johnson to become involved in trading with American Indians, but Johnson soon discovered that the trade routes were to the north, on the opposite side of the river from Warrensburgh. As a young man, Johnson moved to the Province of New York to manage an estate purchased by his uncle, Admiral Peter Warren, which was located amidst the Mohawk, one of the Six Nations of the Iroqu Indian affairs and land development, 1769-1774. [82] According to tradition, she was working for another family near Warrensburgh when Johnson purchased the remainder of her indenture contract, perhaps initially to have her serve as his housekeeper. In 1761, Johnson made a 1,000-mile (1,600 km) round trip to Detroit to hold a conference with the regional American Indians. 2 He died on 11 July 1774 at Johnstown, New York, U.S.A. 2,3 [59] Johnson was able to recruit more Iroquois warriors. He also became Sheriff of Aberdeen in 1630. After the French and Indian War, Johnson hoped to concentrate on expanding and improving his land holdings. About William Throckmorton, 1st Baronet •'Sir William Throckmorton, 1st Bt.1 •'M, b. circa 1579, d. 18 July 1628 •' Sir William Throckmorton, 1st Bt. Johnson was strongly criticised for exceeding his instructions, but many of the land speculators were well-connected in the government, and the expanded boundary was allowed to stand. The second of these was Molly Brant, sister of the Indian leader Joseph Brant. [13] The Albany merchants were irate, and Warren was not pleased that his nephew was becoming independent. Retrieved 19 November 2014. Finding aid to the papers of Sir William Johnson, 1715-1774. [45] In December, tired of army life, Johnson resigned his commission as a major general. His ties with the Indians were further cemented when, following the death of his first wife, he married successively two Mohawk women. [60] When Prideaux was killed, Johnson took command. [47] But Shirley was soon replaced both as governor and commander in chief, and Johnson's star was on the rise. Pages in category "Sir William Johnson" This category contains only the following page. William Johnson's paternal grandfather was originally known as William MacShane, but changed his surname to Johnson, the Anglicisation of the Gaelic Mac Seáin. In July 1758, he managed to raise 450 warriors to take part in a massive expedition led by the new British commander, General James Abercrombie. He was made a baronet and the following year reappointed northern Indian superintendent—a post he held for the next 18 years. [46] General Shirley, who had become the commander in chief upon Braddock's death, sought to have Johnson's commission as Indian agent modified so that Johnson would be placed under his command. As a young man, Johnson moved to the Province of New York to manage an estate purchased by his uncle, Admiral Peter Warren, which was located amidst the Mohawk, one of the Six Nations of the Iroquois League. was born in 1715. 2 He married Catherine Weisenberg, daughter of John Weisenberg, in 1739 in a common-law marriage. Died: 26 January 1908 (aged 77) Nice, France. Old Fort Johnson, his first home built in 1749, is on the Historic American Buildings Survey. He was born into slavery but his owner, also named William Johnson and thought to be his father, emancipated him in 1820. From the New York Public Library. [51], In January 1756, the British government made Johnson sole Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the northern colonies. The next day chiefs of the Six Nations performed the traditional Iroquois condolence ceremony, and recognised Guy Johnson as Sir William's successor.[94]. [24] "Never was such an insignificant encounter so generously rewarded", wrote the historian Julian Gwyn. Warren convinced Johnson to lead an effort to establish a settlement there, to be known as Warrensburgh, with the implied understanding that Johnson would inherit much of the land. [26] He also bought houses in Schenectady and Albany to stop at on his business trips to New York Town.[27]. He captured the fort after ambushing and defeating a French relief force at the Battle of La Belle-Famille. Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet (c.1715—11 July 1774) was an Irish official of the British Empire.As a young man, Johnson moved to the Province of New York to manage an estate purchased by his uncle, Admiral Peter Warren, which was located amidst the Mohawk, one of the Six Nations of the Iroquois League.Johnson learned the Mohawk language and Iroquois … He purchased his first tract of land two years later, thus… [53], Although Johnson was no longer a British general, he continued to lead Iroquois and frontier militia. In 1739, shortly after arriving in America, William began a relationship with Catherine Weisenberg (c. 1723–1759), a German immigrant from the Electorate of the Palatinate. Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet (c. 1715 – 11 July 1774), was an Irish official of the British Empire. Johnson was instrumental in sustaining British-Iroquois alliance through the Covenant Chain, which consolidated both Iroquois and British territorial and commercial interests against the rival Algonquin and French interests in New France before 1763. Sir William Johnson, Bart. William T. Johnson (1809 – June 17, 1851) was a free African American barber of biracial parentage, who lived in Natchez, Mississippi.. Because of his success, he was appointed in 1756 a… Macleod was later appointed as commander of Fort Oswego, on Lake Ontario.[66]. From July to August 1764, Johnson negotiated a treaty at Fort Niagara with about 2,000 American Indians in attendance, primarily Iroquois. O William Johnson was born in County Meath, in the Kingdom of Ireland, around 1715. In 1755, Johnson shifted the primary meeting place for diplomatic councils between the British and the Iroquois from Albany to Fort Johnson. It is a designated State Historic Site and open to the public. He never married, but estimated that he had fathered between 600 and 700 children in the 36 years he lived in North America. [42] On 8 September 1755, Johnson's forces held their ground in the Battle of Lake George. Born in 1715 over in Ireland, Sir William Johnson first moved to the region to care for a property owned by his uncle sometime around 1738. He achieved considerable success, gaining wealth along the way. [62] Johnson commanded the "largest Native American force ever assembled under the British flag. Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet. [96] He also makes an appearance in the 2014 video game Assassin's Creed Rogue.[97]. William Johnson was born around 1715 in County Meath, in the Kingdom of Ireland. Chris… [54] Greatly overestimating the size of the French army, British General Daniel Webb decided against sending a relief force from Fort Edward to Fort William Henry. Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet (c. 1715 – 11 July 1774), was an Irish official of the British Empire. 12. was born circa 1579. [24] The conquest of Niagara drove the French line back from the Great Lakes. [41], Marching north into French territory, in August 1755 Johnson renamed Lac du Saint-Sacrement to Lake George in honour of his king. [56] The campaign ended ingloriously with Abercrombie's disastrous attempt to take Fort Carillon from the French. [25] The home was heavily fortified when the next war approached. He fought for the British in the last French and Indian War (1754–63), and in 1774 he was appointed secretary to Sir William’s successor, Guy Johnson. [44], The battle brought an end to the expedition against Crown Point, and Johnson built Fort William Henry at Lake George to strengthen British defences. Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet, (born 1715, Smithtown, County Meath, Ire.—died July 11, 1774, near Johnstown, N.Y.), pioneer in the Mohawk Valley, New York, whose service as colonial superintendent of Indian affairs was largely responsible for keeping the Iroquois neutral and even friendly to the British in the latter stages of the struggle with the French for control of North America. He established strong relations with the native tribes and became a prominent military leader and negotiator with the Six Nations during the French and Indian War (1755-1763). Guy Johnson, William's nephew and son-in-law Guy Johnson (he had married Mary/Polly), reported that Johnson died when he was "seized of a suffocation. Subscribe to this blog. Warren Johnson's journal 1760-61. As a young man, Johnson moved to the Province of New York to manage an estate purchased by his uncle, Admiral Peter Warren, which was located amidst the Mohawk, one of the Six Nations of the Iroquois League. Johnson negotiated a treaty with Pontiac in 1766, which finally ended the war. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The historic church is still operating.[77]. [71], Outside the town, in 1763 he built Johnson Hall, where he lived until his death. According to the Johnson biographer Milton Hamilton, historians usually portrayed Johnson as acting unreasonably in the controversy with Shirley, but Hamilton argued that Johnson was reacting to Shirley's clumsy Indian diplomacy, which harmed the British relationship with the Six Nations. His pallbearers included Governor William Franklin of New Jersey and the justices of the New York Supreme Court. Watts (Watt), in New York and in Edinburgh, Scotland. Co-existence was part of Johnson's other major historical legacy: the protection of British sovereignty and Anglo-American settlement as a bulwark against French control of northern New York State and the Great Lakes region more generally. As superintendent, he would make the Iroquois the focus of British diplomacy, promoting and even exaggerating the power of the Iroquois Confederacy. Manchester, VT: American Museum of Fly Fishing. [86] A grandson of Sir William Johnson was the 3rd Baronet Sir Adam Gordon Johnson who was, through his mother Ann Watts, descendants from the Schuyler family, the Delancey family, and the Van Cortlandt family of British North America. There, at the Crown expense,[51] he established a free school for both white and Mohawk children. [16], In 1744, the War of the Austrian Succession spread to colonial America, where it was known as King George's War. [32] The British government ordered Clinton to convene the Albany Congress of 1754 to repair the Covenant Chain. As a young man, Johnson moved to the Province of New York to manage an estate purchased by his uncle, Admiral Peter Warren, which was located amidst the Mohawk, one of the Six Nations of the Iroquois League. [90] Mary, Keghneghtago (Brant), and Tagawirunta (William) received inheritances in Johnson's will.[91]. Sir William Johnson, 1st Bt. Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet (c. 1715 – 11 July 1774) was an Anglo-Irish official of the British Empire. [18] Recruiting Iroquois warriors was difficult: ever since the so-called Grand Settlement of 1701, the Iroquois had maintained a policy of neutrality in colonial wars between France and Great Britain. De Lancey was also the brother-in-law of Admiral Peter Warren, which added to the strain in the relationship between Johnson and Warren. [95], Johnson appears as an antagonist in the 2012 video game Assassin's Creed III, and he is killed by the game's protagonist, Connor Kenway. His mother, Amy, had been freed in 1814 and his sister Adelia in 1818. Sir William Johnson. [85] The senior Johnson later arranged for his son John to inherit his title and estates as John Johnson. Against instructions from London, Johnson pushed the boundary 400 miles (640 km) to the west, enabling him and other land speculators to acquire much more land than originally authorised by the British government. Land and Indian affairs 1764-1773. His nephew Guy Johnson succeeded him as master of this lodge in 1770. In 1960 Johnson Hall was named a National Historic Landmark. He was baptized as an Anglican in the chapel at Fort Hunter. [87], At the same time, Johnson had a relationship with Elizabeth Brant, a Mohawk woman by whom he had three known children: Keghneghtago or Brant (born in 1742), Thomas (1744) and Christian (1745); the latter two boys died in infancy.

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